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OTQL queries

This page provides a formal description of OTQL capabilities.

Introduction

The Object Tree Query Language (OTQL) has been designed to help to search and calculate aggregates on a large collection of object trees. The object tree is defined in the schema using the @TreeIndexRoot and the @TreeIndex directives.
OTQL queries help you :
  • Build segments
  • Explore data
  • Monitor data integration
  • Check the volumetry
  • Build data exports
  • ...
An OTQL query looks like an SQL query.
SELECT { id name } FROM Product WHERE price > 50.0
It is composed of three parts:
  • A SELECT Operation: It gives indications on what needs to be done: extracting field values or calculating aggregates
  • A FROM starting Object Type: It defines the starting object type in the evaluation process
  • A WHERE Object Tree Expression: It defines a logical expression mixing boolean operators and field operators to connect different objects in the object tree.
SELECT [Operation] FROM [Object Type] WHERE [Object Tree Expression]
There are two kinds of operations:
  • Selection Operations are similar to a GraphQL operation and return a list of objects containing the required fields.
  • Aggregation Operations return aggregated values (count, stats, histograms, ...) calculated on the selected objects.
The fields in the queries are completely related to how you built your schema.
Here are some examples of requests you can do with OTQL :
# Counts number of new users in the past 7 days
SELECT @count{} FROM UserPoint WHERE creation_date >= "now-7d/d"
​
# Counts the number of transactions on a specific site (channel) 7 days ago
SELECT @count{} FROM UserEvent
WHERE name = "$transaction_confirmed"
AND date = "now-7d/d"
AND channel_id = 2419
​
# Counts the number of profiles with female gender
SELECT @count{} FROM UserProfile WHERE gender = "W"
​
# Lists all categories from universes in events done on a specific channel
SELECT { universe { category @map }} FROM UserEvent WHERE channel_id = 2417
​
# Lists all event names collected in the platform
SELECT {name @map} FROM UserEvent
​
# Number of users having at least 3 events related to laptops in the past 15 days
SELECT @count{} FROM UserPoint
WHERE activities { events @ScoreSum(min:3) {
category = "Laptop" AND date >= "now-15d/d"
}}
​
# Number of transactions per site and per day
SELECT { channel_id @map { date @date_histogram } } FROM UserEvent WHERE name = "$transaction_confirmed"
​
# Number of users having an account but no emails
SELECT @count{} FROM UserPoint where accounts{} and not emails{}

FROM - Starting object type

Imagining the following Object Tree:
UserPoint ---- UserActivity -------- UserEvent ---- UserEmail ---- UserAccount
You could build queries starting from all UserPoint, all UserActivity, UserEvent, UserEmail or UserAccount
# Selects all names from all UserPoint
SELECT {name} FROM UserPoint
​
# Selects all names from all UserActivity
SELECT {name} FROM UserActivity
# Equivalent of
SELECT {activities { name }} FROM UserPoint
​
# Selects all names from all UserEvent
SELECT {name} FROM UserEvent
# Equivalent of
SELECT { activities { events { name }}} FROM UserPoint
You target object types with the FROM. In the example, the link field is activities, but we don't do SELECT (...) FROM activities.

WHERE - Object tree expressions

The expression contained in the WHERE clause is composed of a list of predicates, separated by logical operators AND, OR, and NOT . Parenthesis can be used to group together two predicates with a logical operator.
Examples :
SELECT (...) FROM (...) WHERE (PredicateA AND PredicateB) OR PredicateC
SELECT (...) FROM (...) WHERE PredicateA AND (PredicateB OR PredicateC)
SELECT (...) FROM (...) WHERE price > 50.0
SELECT (...) FROM (...) WHERE price > 50.0 AND last_modified_date > "now-10d"

Logical operators

Each predicate doesn't return directly a boolean but a score, 1 if the condition is respected else 0. At the end the score is compared to 0 and return true if it's higher than 0 else return false. These operator keep the same priority as boolean ones. The logical operators work as below :
Logical operator
Real operation
Priority
NOT PredicateA
if ( ScoreA > 0) then 0 else 1
high
PredicateA AND PredicateB
ScoreA x ScoreB
middle
PredicateA OR PredicateB
max(ScoreA, ScoreB)
low
SELECT (...) FROM (...)
WHERE price > 50.0 AND last_modified_date > "now-10d"
# ( price > 50.0 ) x ( last_modified_date > "now-10d" )
​
SELECT (...) FROM (...)
WHERE price > 50.0 AND last_modified_date > "now-10d" OR price > 100.0 AND last_modified_date > "now-20d"
# (( price > 50.0 ) x ( last_modified_date > "now-10d" )) + (( price > 100.0 ) x ( last_modified_date > "now-20d" ))

Tree exploration

As we are querying an Object Tree, and as predicates are only possible on a leaf (e.g. fields that only contain a scalar value), it is natural to have a way of going from the root to each of the leaves by traversing the tree.
Braces symbols {} are used to traverse the tree through link fields. The sub-query written in the braces will be evaluated on each item in the linked list.
Let's see it in action.
Let's say we built a schema corresponding to the following Object Tree.
# Functional tree
User Point
└─ User Activities
└─ User Events
​
# Associated schema
type UserPoint @TreeIndexRoot(index:"USER_INDEX") {
# activities is a link field to UserActivity objects
activities: [UserActivity]
}
​
type UserActivity {
# events is a link field to UserEvent objects
events: [UserEvent]
}
​
type UserEvent {
name: String @TreeIndex(index_name: "USER_INDEX")
amount: Int @TreeIndex(index_name: "USER_INDEX")
date: Timestamp!
}
​
# A user point can have 0..n User Activity
# Each UserActivity can have 0..m UserEvent
# UserEvent has a "name" String field, an "amount" Int field and a "date" Timestamp field
The following query will return all the UserPoint that have at least one UserEvent whose name is $transaction_confirmed .
As the root of the Object Tree is the UserPoint in this example, we'll need to start from there. And then follow the activities link to the associated UserActivity and then the events link to the associated UserEvent.
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint WHERE activities { events { name = "$transaction_confirmed" } }

Scoring operator

The latest query returns items with at least one of the events have a $transaction_confirmed name. We return every user that did at least one purchase and at least one visit.
If we instead want the users that bought things through at least 3 different visits (frequent buyers), we will use a scoring operator.
Each time there is a pair of braces { } and a sub-query written in the braces, there is implicitly a score calculated for the sub-query. By default, the score will be the number of items matching the sub-query.
@ScoreSum
@ScoreAvg
@ScoreMax
Only returns score if the nested sub-query has a score superior or equal to min.
args
description
min : Float
minimum required score for the nested sub-query to be returned
# Select user points that bought things through at least 3 different visits
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activities @ScoreSum(min: 3.0){ events { name = "$transaction_confirmed" } }
​
# Select user points that have at least 1 activity that contains at least 3 $transaction_confirmed events
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activities { events @ScoreSum(min: 3.0) { name = "$transaction_confirmed" } }
Calculate the average from the sub-query matching scores and returns true if it's superior or equal to min.
args
description
min : Float
minimum required score for the nested sub-query to be returned
By default, the score will be the number of items matching the sub-query. So using @ScoreMax or @ScoreAvg like that is useless because each score from the sub-query will be 1. It's why you should apply a modification on the score calculation.
Takes the maximum score from the sub-query matching scores and returns true if it's superior or equal to min.
args
description
min : Float
minimum required score for the nested sub-query to be returned
By default, the score will be the number of items matching the sub-query. So using @ScoreMax or @ScoreAvg like that is useless because each score from the sub-query will be 1. It's why you should apply a modification on the score calculation.

Changing the way scores are calculated

As said above, by default, score values are equal to the number of items matching a sub-query when following a link.
However, your Object Tree leaves have some number typed fields (Int or Float). It is possible to use those values as the score of a sub-query.
@ScoreField
@ScoreBoost
Select a specific field in which the numeric value used as the score is stored.
args
description
name: String
The name of the field selected
# Using @ScoreField alone is useless because it could be replace by logical operator
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity {
events @ScoreField(name:"amount") {
name = "$transaction_confirmed"
}
}
​
# Can be written
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity {
events {
name = "$transaction_confirmed"
}
}
The information of which field is selected bubble up still it didn't catch by a @ScoreSum, @ScoreAvg or @ScoreMax .
# Select user points having spent at 1000 in one event
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity {
events @ScoreField(name:"amount") @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
name = "$transaction_confirmed"
}
}
​
# Select user points having spent at 1000 in one activity
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
events @ScoreField(name:"amount") {
name = "$transaction_confirmed"
}
}
Be sure sub-field selected in @ScoreField exist in any field. Add a condition if the query return an error
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
events @ScoreField(name:"amount") {
name = "$transaction_confirmed"
}
}
​
# To be sure field "amount" exist
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
events @ScoreField(name:"amount") {
is_defined(amount) AND
name = "$transaction_confirmed"
}
}
Multiply the score by the factor. Can be used to boost a sub-query over another one.
args
description
factor: Float
Constant float which multiply the score
# Selet user point having spent at least 1000 orders, where IT product count twice
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity_events @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
order {
order_products @ScoreBoost(factor: 2.0) @ScoreSum(result: "score_value") {
category="IT"
},
order_products @ScoreSum() {
category!="IT"
}
}
}

Using this calculated score

With the possibility to use score in a field, you may want to return the calculated score of a @ScoreSum and not only it a sub-query validate the condition or not. This is why we add a new parameters to @ScoreSum :result.
@ScoreSum
@ScoreAvg
@ScoreMax
Only returns score if the nested sub-query has a score superior or equal to min.
args
description
min : Float
minimum required score for the nested sub-query to be returned
result : String
Two values possibles :
  • "boolean_value" (by default) : reduce the returned score value to 0 or 1. It has the same comportment as the previous one explain in conditional predicate.
  • "score_value" : return the real score value.
# Select user points having spent more than 1000€ through $transaction_confirmed events during the past year
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activities {
events @ScoreField(name: "amount") @ScoreSum(min: 1000) {
name = "$transaction_confirmed" AND date >= "now-1y/y"
}
}
​
# Select user points having spent more than 1000€ in cross orders with at least products which cost 10€:
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity_events @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
order {
order_products @ScoreField(name: "amount") @ScoreSum(min: 10, result:"score_value") {
category="IT"
}
}
}
Calculate the average from the sub-query matching scores and returns it if it's superior or equal to min args
args
description
min : Float
minimum required score for the nested sub-query to be returned
result : String
Two values possibles :
  • "boolean_value" (by default) : reduce the returned score value to 0 or 1.
  • "score_value" : return the real score value.
# Select user points having spent on average at least 1000 through $transaction_confirmed events during the past year
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activities {
events @ScoreField(name: "amount") @ScoreAvg(min: 1000) {
name = "$transaction_confirmed" AND date >= "now-1y/y"
}
}
​
# Select user points having spent in average more than 1000€ by orders with at least products which cost 10€:
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity_events @ScoreAvg(min : 1000) {
order {
order_products @ScoreField(name: "amount") @ScoreSum(min: 10, result:"score_value") {
category="IT"
}
}
}
Takes the maximum score from the sub-query matching scores and returns it if it's superior or equal to min
args
description
min : Float
minimum required score for the nested sub-query to be returned
result : String
Two values possibles :
  • "boolean_value" (by default) : reduce the returned score value to 0 or 1.
  • "score_value" : return the real score value.
# Select user points with at least 1 activity that contains at least 1 $transaction_confirmed event with amount >= 1000 during the past year
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activities {
events @ScoreField(name: "amount") @ScoreMax(min: 1000) {
name = "$transaction_confirmed" AND date >= "now-1y/y"
}
}

Go forward

It is possible to use these two ways at the same time but be careful, it is currently not possible to grow up a @ScoreField after a @ScoreSum(result: "boolean_score").
Example of possible use case :
# Select user points having spent in average more than 1000 in one activity of events with a amount superior than 10
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity @ScoreAvg(min : 1000) { events @ScoreField(name:"amount") @ScoreSum(min 10, result:"score_value") {
name = "$transaction_confirmed" } }
​
# Select user points having spent in average in one activity, more than 1000 events with a amount superior than 10
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity @ScoreAvg(min : 1000) { events @ScoreField(name:"amount") @ScoreSum(min: 10, result:"boolean_value") {
name = "$transaction_confirmed" } }
However the following use case can't be written :
# We wanted :
# Count user points having spent more than 1000€ in cross orders with at least 10 orders more than 100€ :
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint
WHERE activity_events @ScoreSum(min : 1000) {
order @ScoreSum(min: 10, result: "score_value") {
@ScoreSum(min: 100, result: "boolean_value") {
order_products @ScoreField(name: "price") @ScoreSum(result:"score_value") {
category="IT"
}
}
}
}
# But the query return :
# Count user points having spent more than 1000 orders with at least 10 orders more than 100€
Using conditional and scoring ways in the same query is useful for many use case whose won't be detailed here. A specific page has been created for regroup examples of them if you want to go forward.

Date operators

The following operators are available to work with dates :
  • >= Greater or equal
  • > Greater
  • <= Lower or equal
  • < Lower
  • = or == Equal
  • != Not equal
Dates can be formatted either
  • in ISO8601 format (time part is optional) 2012-09-27, 2012-09-27T12:42:00
  • in a timestamp in milliseconds 1549365498507
  • in a Date Math format, defining a relative date
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint WHERE activities {creation_ts <= "2012-09-27"}
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint WHERE activities {creation_ts > 1549365498507}
SELECT (...) FROM UserPoint WHERE activities {creation_ts > "now-7d"}

Date Math format

The idea of the date match syntax is to define a relative date compared to an anchor date. The anchor date is either now or a date (ISO8601 or timestamp format) followed by ||.
The expression begins with the anchor date and is followed by one or more math expressions :
  • +1h adds one hour
  • -1d substracts one day
  • /d rounds down to the nearest day
Example, assuming now is 2001-01-01 12:00:00 :
now+1h // Resolves to: 2001-01-01 13:00:00
now-1h // Resolves to: 2001-01-01 11:00:00
now-1h/d // Resolves to: 2001-01-01 00:00:00
2001.02.01||+1M/d // Resolves to: 2001-03-01 00:00:00
The supported units are the following :
Date operator
description
y
Years
M
Months
w
Weeks
d
Days
h or H
Hours
m
Minutes
s
Seconds

String operators

Only the indexed fields of type String are eligible. Depending on the specified data_type in the schema, the String operator will behave differently.

With data_type: text :

All operators are case-insensitive. Values are stored as a set of words, transformed.
String operator
description
match(fieldName, comparisonValue)
Returns true if a word of the text contained in fieldName matches a word contained in comparisonValue.
starts_with(fieldName, comparisonValue)
Returns true if a word of the text contained in fieldName starts with one of the words contained in comparisonValue.
The same transformation is done on the text data before storage is also done on the comparisonValue.
# Doing
(...) WHERE match(url_as_text, "Hello World!")
​
# Will search in the text values for words matching 'hello' or 'world'
https://www.hello.com/
https://www.world.com/
https://www.hello.com/world/
(...)

With data_type: keyword :

All operators are case-sensitive. Values are considered as a single word. No transformation is made.
String operator
description
starts_with(fieldName, comparisonValue)
Returns true if the exact value contained in fieldName starts with the exact value passed in comparisonValue.
= or ==
Returns true if the exact value contained in fieldName is equal with the exact value passed in comparisonValue.
(...) WHERE starts_with(mykeyword, "Hello World!")
(...) WHERE mykeyword == "Hello World!"

In operator

You can use the IN operator as a shortcut to filter on multiple values of the same field.
# Total sold in events for channel IDs 2456, 5489, 1426
SELECT {events {basket { amount @sum}}} FROM UserActivity
WHERE channel_id IN ["2456","5489","1426"]
​
# Equivalent of WHERE channel_id = "2456" OR channel_id = "5489" OR channel_id = "1426"
This operator offers better performances than multiple OR operators.

Is_defined operator

This is used to evaluate the value of a field and check if it is defined or not. The predicate can be applied in any indexed field in the schema and return a boolean.
# Return all user points with a profile
SELECT { id } FROM UserPoint WHERE is_defined(profiles)
​
# Return all user points with a email in their profile
SELECT { id } FROM UserPoint WHERE profiles{is_defined(email)}
Field Value
Return
myField = “example”
True
myField = [“example”]
True
myField = [null]
True
myField = ""
True
myField = [ ]
True
myField = null
False
myField = undefined
False
(NoField)
False
****

JOIN operations

You may want to add another list of predicate FROM a different object than the one you waiting in your query. To do so, you can write JOIN after the WHERE of the FROM.
# Get the activity “$transaction_confirmed” of userpoint of the segment id “1234“
SELECT { id }
FROM ActivityEvent WHERE name=="$transaction_confirmed"
JOIN Userpoint WHERE segments { id="1234" }

SELECT operations

They are simply selecting fields. Every field present in the schema can be selected.
# Select id and name in the root level
SELECT { id name } FROM UserPoint
​
# Select name in UserPoint and creation_ts and id in emails linked to the user point
SELECT { name emails { creation_ts id } } FROM UserPoint

Filters

The where expression let you filter the elements of the from clauses. To only select elements matching a specific clause, you need @filter.
The following query retrieves userpoints, activities, events and some of their field for each user point that has an event named "display".
select { id { activities { id events { name score } } } }
from UserPoint
where { activities { events { name == "display" } } }
Let's assume it gives the following result :
[
{
"id": "up1",
"activities": [
{
"id": "a1",
"events": [
{ "name": "display", "score": 123 },
{ "name": "click"}
]
},
{
"id": "a2",
"events": [ { "name": "display" } ]
}
]
},
{
"id": "up2",
"activities": [
{
"id": "a3",
"events": [ { "name": "click" } ]
},
{
"id": "a4",
"events": [ { "name": "display" } ]
}
]
}
]
The reader might be surprised to find events named click in this result. However remember that the where clause only filter the roots (i.e the UserPoints). To retrieve only the display event, one need to add an @filter clause :
select { id { activities { id events @filter(clause: "name == display") { name score } } } }
from UserPoint
where { activities { events { name == "display" } } }
Assuming the same data, this query would produce the following result :
[
{
"id": "up1",
"activities": [
{
"id": "a1",
"events": [
{ "name": "display", "score": 123 }
]
},
{
"id": "a2",
"events": [ { "name": "display" } ]
}
]
},
{
"id": "up2",
"activities": [
{
"id": "a3",
"events": []
},
{
"id": "a4",
"events": [ { "name": "display" } ]
}
]
}
]
The @filter predicate also filters by default empty result in its scope. To illustrate this, we reduce our query to retrieve only the score fields :
select { { activities { events @filter(clause: "name == \"display\"") { score } } } }
from UserPoint
where { activities { events { name == "display" } } }
Still the same data, the result is the following:
[
{
"activities": [
{ "events": [ { "score": 123 } ] },
{ "events": [ ] }
]
},
{
"activities": [
{ "events": [] },
{ "events": [] }
]
}
]
You'll notice that two display events have disappeared. Since they don't have a score, they would be empty object. Actually, this "filter empty" behavior which is true by default can be set using a second optional parameter to the @filter directive. If we set it to false, we have the following result :
select { { activities {
events @filter(clause: "name == \"display\"", filter_empty: false) { score } } } }
from UserPoint
where { activities { events { name == "display" } }}
​
//result
​
[
{
"activities": [
{ "events": [ { "score": 123 } ] },
{ "events": [ {} ] }
]
},
{
"activities": [
{ "events": [] },
{ "events": [ {} ] }
]
}
]
One might think that even the previous result has a lot of noise for only one score. You can add another @filter to lighten the result. And since the clause argument has also a default value of "true", you can write the following query
select @filter { { activities {
events @filter(clause: "name == \"display\"") { score } } } }
from UserPoint
where { activities { events { name == "display" } }}
and get the following result :
[
{
"activities": [ { "events": [ { "score": 123 } ] } ]
}
]
The filter empty work as follow :
  • if an optional array is empty, we filter it
  • if an object is empty and is either optional or in an array we filter it
  • if an array is mandatory, we can filter it if the following conditions are met :
    • it is empty
    • the other mandatory selections of the parent object are only empty arrays
    • this parent object can be filtered (see above)
​

Aggregation Operations

The aggregation operations are initiated by a directive.

@count

This directive is used to count the number of objects verifying the query
# Counts the number of user points
SELECT @count {} FROM UserPoint
​
# Counts number of new users in the past 7 days
SELECT @count{} FROM UserPoint WHERE creation_date >= "now-7d/d"

Metrics directives

Fields used with metrics directives should have the @TreeIndex directive in your schema.
Those directives calculate a value per bucket created in the bucket directive, or with only one bucket containing all elements if you don't use bucket directives.
  • @avg: average value for a specific field (only applies to numeric values)
# Average basket amount between two specific dates
SELECT {basket {amount @avg}} FROM UserEvent
WHERE {date >= "2020-12-01" AND date <= "2020-12-31" }
  • @min: minimum value for a specific field (only applies to numeric values)
# Minimum basket amount between two specific dates
SELECT {basket {amount @min}} FROM UserEvent
WHERE { date >= "2020-06-20" AND date <= "2020-06-25” }
  • @max: maximum value for a specific field (only applies to numeric values)
# Maximum basket amount between two specific dates
SELECT {basket {amount @max}} FROM UserEvent
WHERE { date >= "2020-06-20" AND date <= "2020-06-25”}
  • @sum: sum of value for a specific field (only applies to numeric values)
# Sum of basket amounts between two specific dates
SELECT {order{amount @sum }} FROM ActivityEvent
WHERE {date >= "2020-06-20" AND date <= "2020-06-25”}
  • @cardinality: count of distinct values
# Number of channels in a datamart
SELECT {channel_id @cardinality} FROM ActivityEvent
​
# Number of cookies associated with user points in a specific segment
SELECT {agents{id @cardinality}} FROM UserPoint
WHERE segments {id=”XXXX”}

Bucket directives

Fields used with bucket directives should have the @TreeIndex directive in your schema.
Those directives separate values into buckets
  • @map one bucket per field value
SELECT { channel_id @map { # map the values of channel id in several buckets
session_duration @avg # The average duration
}
} FROM UserActivity
​
# Data
# channel ID : 1234, count : 654987987987, session_duration: 100
# channel ID : 1235, count : 987987965465, session_duration: 1500
​
# It is possible to limit the number of elements that can be returned by the directive
SELECT { name @map(limit:20)} FROM UserEvent
Please note that @map does not count null values
  • @histogram aggregated count on a specific field. The interval can be modified regarding the business needs
SELECT { order { amount @histogram(interval:50)}}
FROM UserEvent WHERE date >= "now-7d"
​
# Data
# Key: 0, count: 97681
# Key: 50, count: 50324
# Key: 100, count: 33164
# Key: 150, count: 36528
  • @date_histogram aggregated count by a period of an object associated with a date. Allowed intervals are 1M for a month and XXD for a XX number of days.
# Mere use of @date_histogram directive: selecting all page_view events
# in the last 30 days
SELECT { date @date_histogram(interval:"1d") }
FROM UserEvent
WHERE name = "page_view" and date >= "now-30d/d"
​
# @date_histogram used together with @map directive with default interval (days)
SELECT { channel_id @map {date @date_histogram }}
FROM UserEvent
WHERE name = "$transaction_confirmed"
​
# Data
# Key: 2416, count: 27563351
# 2018-01-16T00:00:00.000Z 330
# 2018-01-17T00:00:00.000